要从大型二进制文件中提取部分数据的快速方法是使用Amazon S3的分段读取功能。以下是一个示例代码，演示如何使用Java SDK从S3对象中提取部分数据。

import com.amazonaws.AmazonServiceException;
import com.amazonaws.SdkClientException;
import com.amazonaws.auth.profile.ProfileCredentialsProvider;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.AmazonS3ClientBuilder;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.ObjectMetadata;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.S3Object;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.S3ObjectInputStream;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.SelectObjectContentEvent;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.SelectObjectContentEventDeserializer;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.SelectObjectContentEventVisitor;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.SelectObjectContentRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.SelectObjectContentResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.s3.model.SelectRecordsInputStream;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class S3PartialFileExtractor {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String bucketName = "your-s3-bucket-name";
        String key = "your-file-key";

        // Create S3 client
        AmazonS3 s3Client = AmazonS3ClientBuilder.standard()
                .withCredentials(new ProfileCredentialsProvider())
                .build();

        // Create request to select a portion of the object
        SelectObjectContentRequest request = new SelectObjectContentRequest();
        request.setBucketName(bucketName);
        request.setKey(key);
        request.setExpression("SELECT * FROM S3Object");

        // Set the range of bytes to read
        request.setRange("bytes=0-9999"); // Change the range as per your requirements

        try {
            // Get the select content result
            SelectObjectContentResult result = s3Client.selectObjectContent(request);

            // Get the input stream from the result
            S3ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = result.getPayload().getRecordsInputStream();

            // Read the data from the input stream
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            int bytesRead;
            while ((bytesRead = objectInputStream.read(buffer)) > -1) {
                // Process the data here
                String data = new String(buffer, 0, bytesRead, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
                System.out.println(data);
            }
        } catch (SdkClientException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

}

请将your-s3-bucket-name替换为您的S3存储桶名称，将your-file-key替换为要提取数据的对象键。您还可以根据需要更改request.setRange("bytes=0-9999")以指定要提取的字节范围。

这段代码使用Amazon S3的selectObjectContent方法来选择对象的部分内容。它使用bytes参数来指定要提取的字节范围。然后，它从SelectObjectContentResult中获取输入流，并使用循环从输入流中读取数据。读取的数据可以根据需要进行处理。