在Android 10中，后台位置更新的策略发生了变化。为了保护用户的隐私和延长设备的电池寿命，应用程序在后台访问位置信息时受到了限制。下面是一个解决方案的示例代码，用于在Android 10中获取后台位置更新。

首先，确保您的应用程序已经添加了必要的权限和依赖项。在AndroidManifest.xml文件中添加以下权限：

在build.gradle文件中添加以下依赖项：

implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-location:17.0.0'

接下来，创建一个后台位置更新的服务类，例如LocationUpdateService：

public class LocationUpdateService extends Service {

    private static final String TAG = LocationUpdateService.class.getSimpleName();
    private static final long UPDATE_INTERVAL = 10 * 1000; // 10 seconds
    private static final long FASTEST_INTERVAL = 2000; // 2 seconds

    private FusedLocationProviderClient fusedLocationClient;
    private LocationCallback locationCallback;

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        fusedLocationClient = LocationServices.getFusedLocationProviderClient(this);
        createLocationCallback();
        requestLocationUpdates();
    }

    private void createLocationCallback() {
        locationCallback = new LocationCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onLocationResult(LocationResult locationResult) {
                super.onLocationResult(locationResult);
                // 处理位置更新的逻辑
                Location location = locationResult.getLastLocation();
                if (location != null) {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Latitude: " + location.getLatitude() +
                            ", Longitude: " + location.getLongitude());
                }
            }
        };
    }

    private void requestLocationUpdates() {
        LocationRequest locationRequest = new LocationRequest()
                .setPriority(LocationRequest.PRIORITY_HIGH_ACCURACY)
                .setInterval(UPDATE_INTERVAL)
                .setFastestInterval(FASTEST_INTERVAL)
                .setSmallestDisplacement(10); // 10 meters

        fusedLocationClient.requestLocationUpdates(locationRequest, locationCallback, Looper.getMainLooper());
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        fusedLocationClient.removeLocationUpdates(locationCallback);
    }
}

在您的应用程序中启动该服务，例如在MainActivity中：

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private static final int REQUEST_FOREGROUND_ONLY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_CODE = 34;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
            requestForegroundPermissions();
        } else {
            startLocationUpdates();
        }
    }

    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
    private void requestForegroundPermissions() {
        if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,
                Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            startLocationUpdates();
        } else {
            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,
                    new String[]{Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION},
                    REQUEST_FOREGROUND_ONLY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_CODE);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions,
                                           @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
        if (requestCode == REQUEST_FOREGROUND_ONLY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_CODE) {
            if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                startLocationUpdates();
            } else {
                Toast.makeText(this, "Foreground permission denied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        }
    }

    private void startLocationUpdates() {
        Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocationUpdateService.class);
        startService(intent);
    }
}

这个示例代码展示了如何在Android 10中获取后台位置更新。请注意，在AndroidManifest.xml文件中添加了必要的权限，并在请求位置权限时处理了后台定位权限的变化。